宗教实践

礼拜是每天履行五次的正式礼拜，是伊斯兰教的第二项功修。穆斯林在洗小净（wudu）之后，于规定的时间面向麦加的天房礼拜，以此作为与安拉的直接联系。

天课是伊斯兰教的第三项功修：每年从个人积累的财富中拿出固定的一份（通常为2.5%），义务性地交给有需要的人——这一功修使财富洁净，并扶助共同体。

斋戒，即在赖买丹月期间封斋，是伊斯兰教的第四项功修。从黎明到日落，穆斯林戒除饮食和夫妻同房，以增进对安拉的敬畏；无法封斋的人可获豁免。

朝觐是伊斯兰教的第五项功修，即凡有能力的穆斯林一生中都必须履行一次的、前往麦加天房的朝觐。朝觐每年举行，其仪式可追溯至先知易卜拉欣，吸引着来自世界各地数以百万计的朝觐者。

杜阿（个人的祈求）和记主（记念安拉）是伊斯兰教中核心的虔敬方式。在正式的礼拜之外，穆斯林可以随时直接向安拉呼求，并通过不断地记念他而使内心安宁。

小净是穆斯林为在礼拜时处于洁净状态而进行的净身仪式。正式的礼拜（salah）之前必须洗小净；它清洗身体的特定部位，并一直有效，直到被某些自然发生的情况破坏为止。

The five daily prayers are the core, but they are not the whole of Muslim prayer. A map of every other prayer — the Friday and funeral prayers, Witr and the Eids, the sunnah and night prayers, and the prayers for special moments — what each is, how binding it is, and when it is prayed.

Around the five obligatory prayers, the Prophet ﷺ kept further voluntary prayers — the sunnah rak'ahs before and after the fard, the forenoon prayer (Duha), the greeting of the mosque, and two rak'ahs after wudu. What they are, when they are prayed, and how much weight each carries.

After Isha and before dawn lies the time the Prophet ﷺ called the best for voluntary prayer. What the night prayer (tahajjud or qiyam al-layl) is, how it is prayed, how Witr closes it, and how Ramadan's Tarawih grew out of it.

Every Friday, the midday prayer is replaced by Jumu'ah — a sermon followed by two rak'ahs, prayed together in the mosque. Who it is obligatory on, how it unfolds, the etiquette of the day, and what to do if you miss it.

On a journey the prayer does not stop — it becomes lighter. The traveller may shorten the four-rak'ah prayers to two and, in the view of most scholars, combine them in pairs. What the Quran and Sunnah say, and where the schools draw the lines on distance, duration, and combining.

Some prayers are tied not to the clock but to an event: an eclipse, a drought, a sin you regret, or danger. How the Prophet ﷺ prayed the eclipse prayer, the prayer for rain, the prayer of repentance, and the prayer of fear.